Examining Hacking And Cyber Ethics Philosophy Essay

Examining Hacking And Cyber Ethics Philosophy Essay With technology taking the forefront in communication, world has virtually shrunk! Distance and time are no more any hindrances for effective interactions and communications. Internet has so much invaded our day to day lives that without internet, we feel we are almost without bread! As any advances bring in good , not so good and bad with it-take auto mobiles, electricity, movies whatever-even the communication technology has its own goods and bads. Hacking is something that has shocked the world that is so much dependent on the cyber for its day to day affairs, may it be individual corporate or education fields. Hacking and Hacker Hacking is an action of trying to gain access to a computer or computer network without any legal authorization [1]. The entity who tries the act of hacking is the hacker. The new hacker dictionary defines hacker as below: A person who enjoys exploring the details of programmable systems and how to stretch their capabilities, as opposed to most users, who prefer to learn only the minimum necessary. One who programs enthusiastically (even obsessively) or who enjoys programming rather than just theorizing about programming. A person capable of appreciating hack value. A person who is good at programming quickly. An expert at a particular program, or one who frequently does work using it or on it. An expert or enthusiast of any kind. One might be an astronomy hacker, for example. One who enjoys the intellectual challenge of creatively overcoming or circumventing limitations. [deprecated] A malicious meddler who tries to discover sensitive information by poking around. Hence password hacker, network hacker. The correct term for this sense is cracker. Hacker is someone who has an intention to damage a system and hence invades it illegally [2]. He or she might invade into the system to get illegitimate access to resources. As hacking becomes easier, a vulnerable computer will be the earlier target. Hacker invariably tries to hide his or her identity for launching attacks on the main site, which is generally more secure. The attack is made with an intention of gaining control of the targeted system so that the hacker can execute, edit or delete any file on the users directory. This is achieved generally by gaining access to the super-user account. This helps the hacker hide his presence and provides him maximum authority to access the data. Software bugs are generally used in the attacks which give the hacker super-user status. Ethics and Cyber Ethics That branch of art which looks with wonder at the marvels and mysteries of the world is philosophy. It leads to life with passion, moral and intellectual integrity. Socrates had once stated the unexamined life is not worth living. In philosophy. Everything related to life is critically and comprehensively inquired in to. The branch of philosophy that deals with how we ought to live, with the ideas as to what is right and wrong, and with idea of Good is ethics [3]. The field of ethics that examines legal, moral and social issues in the use and development of cyber technology is cyber ethics [4]. A broad spectrum of technologies that range from standalone computers to a cluster of network computing, information and communication technologies is referred to as cyber technology. Computer ethics has been the general usage term for cyber ethics until recently. Computer ethics however suggests the study of ethical issues associated primarily with computing profession or computing machines. Cyber ethics however attempts to address ethical issues that are more wider and deeper. Other terminologies like internet ethics or information ethics are in use but cyber ethics has wider coverage than internet ethics. 1.3 Legal and Illegal Hacking The informal trespassing into a computer is termed as hacking by many people. Hacking in general has formed a meaning of breaking into computers [5]. The term hacking clouds ethical and legal complexities of law that administrates use of computers. Some hacking is legal and valuable while some are illegal and destructive. Learning the way to get access is legal while using this information to access the system and misuse it is illegal hacking. It is very important to understand the difference between legal and illegal hacking. This could be understood considering an example. For example, the security researcher of the system will learn a number of ways to get into the system without authorization. While learning this information is not illegal, using the information to access a system unauthorisedly is illegal. An action can be considered legal or illegal based on the scenario and the access and authorisation for the particular scenario. 1.4 Ethical Theories Ethical issues are based on morals which are subjective. The ethical theories offer direction for the moral analysis to be made. These are the scientific theories that provide the framework for the analysis of moral issues. We may look into ethical theories relevant to the case in hand. 1.4.1 Consequence Based ethical theories (consequentialism) Consequence based theories judge actions based on results. Proponents of these theories assume that certain state of affairs are better than many others. Actions that lead to better state for maximum number of people are better actions. In simple words, an action that makes the world better is a good action and that worsens the world is bad. Hence here, result is most important. Three subdivisions of consequentialism emerge based on who is benefited by the action: Ethical Egoism: an action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable only to the agent performing the action. Ethical Altruism: an action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone except the agent. Utilitarianism: an action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone.(QuoteIEP) Types of Utilitarianism Two types of Utilitarianism are there namely Act Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism. Under Act Utilitarianism, an action is considered good or bad based on its consequences while under Rule Utilitarianism, a code or rule of conduct is more acceptable if the consequences of it are beneficial than not beneficial to every one. For ex. If one steals, it may be beneficial to him but not to all. So the rule is not to steal. Intended Consequentialism Intended consequentialism is a consequence based ethical theory. Here, intended consequence is given importance over actual consequence in judging an action. 1.4.2 Duty Based ethical theories Duty based ethics is otherwise called deontological theory. Deon is a Greek word meaning necessary, binding, obligatory. Immanuel Kant is the main proponent of this theory. It gives importance to sticking to ones duty and principle rather than the consequences. When most stick to Deontological principles, naturally, consequences will be good. The focus is on duty and principle and not on consequences. An other famous philosopher W.D. Ross who supported Kants theory, summarized basic duties as below: Duty of beneficence: A duty to help other people (increase pleasure, improve character) Duty of non-maleficence: A duty to avoid harming other people. Duty of justice: A duty to ensure people get what they deserve. Duty of self-improvement: A duty to improve ourselves. Duty of reparation: A duty to recompense someone if you have acted wrongly towards them. Duty of gratitude: A duty to benefit people who have benefited us. Duty of promise-keeping: A duty to act according to explicit and implicit promises, including the implicit promise to tell the truth.(M2) Character based Ethical Theories Character based virtue ethics is also called Virtue ethics. These theories are mostly based on Aristolephilosophy. Here, individuals character takes prime place over duty or consequence, in contrast Deontology and Consequentialism respectively. Here, the tenet is once the person has strong value system which has stabilized, he would be conscious of what is wrong and what is right, what are his duties to his children, family, society and his master, so, action taken by such persons tend to have good consequences only. An ethical individual is therefore necessarily disposed to do good things acceptable to himself and for society. 1.5 Role of software/Hardware/Application Engineers Hacking has become a threat to modern world which is over dependent on information technology. It is easier done than said that, as you keep your valuable protected in house against thieves and robbers by locking the almirah or the house or safe keeping in banks or covering by insurance. As we use lot of IT services through public domains and distant server based technologies, the risks are even more. Professionals in the field can do their bit based on their knowledge and experience to reduce damages by hacking. Objectives The objectives of this case study are: Highlight the main critical issues that this case brings out light and to critically apply consequence-based, Duty-based and character-based ethical theories to discuss whether the FBI were correct in attempting to capture and prosecute Mitnick. Briefly discuss the general of asoftware/hardware/application engineer in terms of the use dof their knowledge and expertise in regard to hacking. Facts of the case While dealing with the case in hand from the point of the objectives of the case study, we have to critically observe the facts from the following angles. Actions of Mitnick that are subject of ethical and moral nature

Cape Verde Macro-Economic Analysis

Cape Verde| â€Å"Most Improved Country†| Introduction Cape Verde is a small country that spans ten islands and is 570 kilometers off the coast of Western Africa. There is very little rainfall per year and the land on most of the islands are of volcanic origin. On several of the islands the land is fairly flat, sandy and dry, whereas the rest of the islands are covered in rocky land. It, therefore, lacks in natural resources and has experienced severe droughts. Agriculture is made difficult by lack of rain and is restricted to only four islands for most of the year.It is ironic that the country is called â€Å"Verde† meaning â€Å"Green,† even though most of the land is not green. Due to the scarcity of agriculture, most of the nation's GDP comes from the service industry; more specifically tourism, light manufacturing industries, and fisheries. Cape Verde's economy has been steadily growing since the late 1990s, and it is now officially considered a country of a verage development. Through an economic analysis of Cape Verde, we will see the connections between its economy, society, and government.The analysis will recognize not only the flaws and struggles of the country, but will pose possible solutions to its problems. Government: Past and Present Learning about a country’s government is essential to figuring out their economic details. Uninhabited on their discovery in 1456, the Cape Verde islands became part of the Portuguese empire in 1495. Portuguese people began establishing settlements throughout the islands, especially along the ports. They were still governed by the Portuguese government and abided by all the same laws; however, the Portuguese government did not have much involvement with the settlements.Therefore, without strong sustainable investment from the homeland’s government the people grew increasingly discontent with them. However, the Portuguese continued to refuse to provide the local authorities with mor e autonomy, or self-governing. This discontent aggravated and culminated in 1956, when a movement led by Amilcar Cabral laid the stepping stones for independence for Cape Verde. Cabral and a group of fellow Cape Verdeans and Guineans organized the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), which demanded improvement in economic, social and political conditions in Cape Verde and Portuguese Guinea.The PAIGC began forming armed rebellions against the Portuguese government in Guinea, but were more passive in Cape Verde. In 1974, following the coup in Portugal, after which Portugal began abandoning its colonial empire, the islands were granted a transitional government comprising of Cape Verdeans and Portuguese officials. Eventually, the Cape Verdeans elected a national assembly which drafted a declaration of independence on July 5, 1975. Their government became known as the African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde, or the PAICV.Until 1990, the PAICV rul ed Cape Verde as a one party democratic system; however, opposition began building up towards a multiparty government. On Jan. 13, 1991, the first multiparty elections since independence resulted in the ruling PAICV losing its majority to the new Movement for Democracy Party (MPD). This was a major event in Cape Verde’s history because it sealed their intentions to become a self-reliant country. The only problem now was how could they stabilize their economy? GDP: A Breakdown What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?GDP is defined as the overall goods and services produced within a country’s boarders during a given year. The GDP of a country is an important piece of data which measures the size of the economy of a country. To calculate GDP, you add the amount of money spent on consumption, investments, government expenditures, exports, and imports. Once you find out what the GDP is, you can change it into dollars by using purchasing power parity (PPP) or exchange rates and then you can find out the growth rate and GDP per capita.Cape Verde’s economy is relatively small compared to the rest of the world. Their economy has always primarily been a service economy, meaning that most of their income and GDP is from services rather than agriculture or industrials. Cape Verde is consistently in the bottom half of the GDP spectrum. It is pretty obvious how underdeveloped their economy truly is when comparing it to that of countries with similar size and geography. For example, Senegal, Cape Verde’s eastern neighbor, also is primarily a service economy.Their economy, however, is much stronger than Cape Verde’s. Senegal has a Purchasing Power Parity of $23. 86 billion, which is almost 23 times the size of Cape Verde’s! The magnitude of this difference is probably due to the fact that Senegal has a bigger population and geographic size. A positive sign for Cape Verde over Senegal is that its GDP real growth rate is 4. 5% as opposed t o Senegal’s 3. 9%. This shows that Cape Verde’s economy is slowly improving as inflation rises. GDP (2010)| Amount (in US $)| World Rank| GDP (PPP)| $1. 861 billion| 186th |GDP official exchange rate| $1. 573 billion| 162nd | GDP per capita| $3,700| 160th | GDP real growth rate| 4. 5%| 71st | Is Cape Verde Growing? When figuring out the growth of Cape Verde, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) helps determine the rate of inflation. The CPI is a measure of the overall goods and services bought by a typical consumer. It is the primary method to monitor the changes in the cost of living over time. To calculate the CPI you compare a basket of goods’ prices to a certain base year, where the prices are set as $100.The inflation rate is based on the increases or decreases in price of the basket of goods. In other words, you take the current price and subtract the previous price and then divide the whole equation by the previous price. If you multiply that by 100, you get th e rate of inflation. I have chosen to compare three countries’ CPI to show how Cape Verde’s economy has grown over the past decade. As seen in the chart below, the costs of goods in 2007 was 15 percent higher than it was in 2000. The CPI increase reflects the high inflation that occurred over this time period.By using the CPI, you also can see that Cape Verde and Senegal were equally susceptible to inflation in comparison to the larger, more economically stable United States. When relating back to GDP, these numbers make sense, due to the fact that the growth of the U. S. is significantly greater than these countries. Country| 2000 Prices (US$)| 2005 Prices (US$)| 2007 Prices (US$)| Cape Verde| $95| $100| $110| Senegal| $93| $100| $108| United States| $88| $100| $106| | | | | In the graph below, notice the relation between the growth rate and the inflation rate.Over the past decade, GDP growth has pretty constantly exceeded inflation, excluding 2008. This implies a pos itive real GDP growth rate. Therefore, the GDP of Cape Verde represents positive growth, and when you take inflation into account, the economy is growing at a positive rate. The reason the inflation rate outgrew the GDP growth rate in 2008 was because the World Trade Organization approved a deal that would see Cape Verde become part of the WTO. This brought their inflation rate up above their growth rate because Cape Verde had to abide by the regulations set by the WTO.However, this was not necessarily a bad thing because it strengthened a multilateral trading system for Cape Verde and allowed them to continue to integrate into the world’s economy. How Do They Sustain Themselves? Due to their lack of natural resources, Cape Verde has resorted to heavy trade between countries. This is why their recent entry into the World Trade Organization has been so pivotal. The graph below shows a breakdown of the GDP of Cape Verde by sector. As previously mentioned, the economy of Cape Ve rde is mostly made up of services. The services include: commerce, transport, and public services.Recently, the government has primarily focused on the development of tourism and fisheries. They hope to take advantage of their geographic location by luring tourists in to their exotic resorts. Also, due to the fact that they are an island country off the coast of Africa, they can capitalize on the development of their fisheries. Cape Verde’s agriculture is made difficult by the lack of rainfall during the year and only four of the ten islands are fertile. Therefore, they have to resort to importing most of their food. About 82% of food is imported into Cape Verde annually, causing them to run a high trade deficit.This means that they have to receive a heavy amount of foreign aid in order to sustain themselves. The industry part of Cape Verde’s economy mostly consists of refining minerals such as clay and salt. The other industrial part of Cape Verde is made up of shoes and garments. Even though the industrial sector does not play a major role in the GDP of Cape Verde, it still supplies jobs for the citizens of the country. Are Too Many People Unemployed? Labor is an essential factor of a country’s economy. In order for an economy to be sustainable, it has to have enough people that are able to work and produce GDP for the country.To determine the participation of the labor force of a country, you must figure out how many people in the labor force are employed and unemployed. Simply put, the labor force participation rate is number employed plus unemployed divided by the total adult population. To calculate the unemployment rate, you take the total number unemployed and divide it by the labor force. In other words, the unemployment rate tells us how much of the labor force is being utilized. In 2000, Cape Verde had an unemployment rate of 21%, with a total of 155,981 people in the labor force.The unemployment rate is pretty poor compared to the rest of the world; however, considering that it is a developing country, there is a lot of room to improve. Another interesting data point is that in the same year 2000, 30% of the population was below the poverty line. This begs the general question: is there a connection between the unemployment rate and the percentage of people in poverty? In my opinion, there is a correlation between the two. I believe that in poor economic times, or in the case of Cape Verde poor economic strength, people feel down on their luck and are less inclined to work.For example, prior to 2000, Cape Verde was heavily reliant on foreign investments, stunting GDP growth and creating an unstable economy. People became reliant on foreign aid rather than finding jobs to support themselves. However, in 2001, there was a new President, Pedro Pires, who primarily focused on bringing up the economic status of Cape Verde. He looked to capitalize on the strengths of the country, such as its touristic appeal an d fishing capacity. This gave people a positive outlook for the future of their economy and they began searching for jobs.The GDP of Cape Verde began increasing while the unemployment rate steadily decreased. As the unemployment rate went down so did the poverty levels. According to the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals, Cape Verde is â€Å"on track to halving its 1990 poverty level. † This shows that when economic growth is stimulated, people begin finding jobs and the poverty levels decrease. Conclusion Throughout my research, I have seen a positive trend for Cape Verde’s economic growth. For such a small country and the amount of time it has been independent, Cape Verde has been through a lot, both economically and politically.Both the politics and economics of Cape Verde have played influential roles in the development of the country. When it first declared its independence from Portugal, Cape Verde was under a single party democracy, however, it soon became a two party system, the PAICV and MPD. Each party has had a chance to preside of the country; however, it is the current president, Pedro Pires of the PAICV party, who has lifted the country out of its economic slump. As mentioned above, Pires has changed the focus of the economy to be more self-reliant and take advantage of the country’s strengths.Under Pires’ presidency, GDP growth and inflation has steadily increased while the unemployment rate has steadily decreased. The government has had a major influence on the economy of Cape Verde and because of that, in 2008, Cape Verde officially attained the status of a â€Å"Middle Income Country,† a step up from â€Å"Least Developed Country. † However, the question must be raised: Can Cape Verde, whose economic growth is heavily based on the growing trend of tourism, continue to be carried to higher economic statuses or will the country slump back down again to where it started?As the saying goe s: Only time will tell. Works Cited CIA World Factbook: https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cv. html UN Millennium Development Goals: http://www. un. org/en/mdg/summit2010/debate/21092010. shtml World Databank – WDI: http://databank. worldbank. org/ddp/home. do? Step=2&id=4&DisplayAggregation=N&SdmxSupported=Y&CNO=2&SET_BRANDING=YES Enterprise Surveys: http://www. enterprisesurveys. org/ExploreEconomies/? economyid=36&year=2009 U. S. Department of State – Republic of Cape Verde http://www. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2835. htm

Informative Essay Topics to Write about History Options

Informative Essay Topics to Write about History Options Lies You've Been Told About Informative Essay Topics to Write about History Each simple fact that you present ought to be guided by means of a topic statement which relates back to the principal thesis statement. Certain informative essay issues need a very long period to finish a last paper. The subsequent informative essay sample isn't an exception. You may want to incorporate a concise history of plastic surgery and why it has gotten so popular. You ought to be able to support the subject of your informative essay with credible evidence. The essay should handle an issue that's important to them. You ought not find it particularly hard to compose an informative essay. You've got to compose an informative essay. What is Really Going on with Informative Essay Topics to Write about History Your essay might incorporate the factors for teen pregnancy and talk about the recent rates of teen pregnancy and potential solut ions. The main purpose of informative essays is to offer complete details on a particular question. You want to select a topic that it is easy to find details about. Your speech topic needs to be informative, but it doesn't indicate that the information must be really valuable. An intriguing title supports the proper option of topic. Selecting a suitable theme is vital. Just consider the window and select any topic you enjoy. If you're looking for an intriguing topic for your impressive informative essay, you're in the ideal spot. An excellent tip for how to compose an informative essay is to take a look at a topic that's simple to understand but has a couple of unexplained elements. Just don't forget that while you're supposed to present the topic objectively, you still ought to use a sophisticated style. Making two or three funny informative speech topics is simpler than it seems. For that reason, it's wise to write about a few interesting, complex, and engaging themes. It is critical to finish the entire informative essay on an epic note in the event the author wants the reading audience to remember his brilliant suggestions and go on researching the issue. If there is not a great deal of information on a particular subject, or the subject is dull, try to elect for something else instead. You may, for instance, discuss advertising or parental influence. Selecting a theme of your writing is an exceedingly important decision as it influences other phases of your writing. After introducing your topic sentence, it's time to adhere to the CCE format to craft the most crucial portion of the essay. In addition, the response given should also tackle the directions that accompany that work. In case the topic doesn't have many aspects like the procedure for selecting a registered nurse in the neighborhood hospital, 3 paragraphs would be sufficient. The topic chosen should be workable and ought to answer a particular question, being in a position to present explicit answers. Provide certain examples from real life to verify that you have faced the problem. As an example, when you will need the simple informative essay topics delivered in 2 days, you pay less when compared to the particular person who needs the exact same paper within 12 hours. An individual should shell out a decent period of time so as to figure out the intriguing elements about the subject. An individual reading the title should identify issues which are going to be covered. The Lost Secret of Informative Essay Topics to Write about History Just make sure your essay doesn't sound simply factual. Test essay questions will be dependent on the topic, naturally. So as to effectively complete the essay, an individual must think of an overall concluding statement. Usually, you must always ready the structure of the essay before you start writing. Many absolutely free examples of various academic papers on unique topics are available on the internet, a nd we suggest to get a look at one of the many top samples. After the topic is associated with your field of study, it will become easy to find the relevant sources of information. The topics aren't restricted to the above topics only, you can always locate an inspiration from different sources and write about them. As you compose the topics for informative essays, make certain you provide an appropriate citation for virtually any info which you've borrowed so you don't fall in the plagiarism troubles. When you're handling something which you're familiarized with, you receive the motivation to work on the informative research paper topics fast. Choosing informative essay topics can stall your writing process for quite a while, as you just do not understand what things to write about. Explaining how to spend less by employing open-source texts and internet textbook rental websites would result in an extremely informative essay. Understanding of communication principles lets yo u get prepared for the upcoming career. Many times, students are just extended a topic and told to write about doing it. It is not sufficient to describe a particular topic a student should function as a specialist in the chosen field by giving specific examples and educating the audience on the given problem. The very best topic for your essay is one which is aligned with your field of study. There are lots of topics readily available today which form a fantastic foundation for the upcoming informative essay. If you want to put up such essays for everybody to read, make sure your words do not lead anyone to follow along with the incorrect path of treatment, medication or exercise. There's no need to waste a whole lot of money on custom writing. On the flip side, inventing informative essay ideas will hardly be an issue. Convince people who you're discussing really important things make them laugh with the aid of your funny informative speech topics! Writing is never str aightforward and finding the motivation to fulfill your teachers will stay a hassle. Students may write informational essays several ways. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. Highs school students experience a good deal of difficulties. Informative Essay Topics to Write about History - the Conspiracy The standard of your topic will decide the grading of the paper. You're able to use any theme that's interesting for you. The major thing you ought to know prior to picking a precise topic for your informative essay is the fact that it has to be simple to write about and be something you truly feel passionate about. Since it's such a huge subject, you are going to want to narrow your paper down to a particular angle.

Research Week - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 795 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? SAMPLING TECHNIQUES: The sampling process is defined as the selecting of sufficient numbers of suitable elements to carry out a research process.   The sampling process includes two main types of sampling, probability sampling and non-probability sampling. PROBABILITY SAMPLING: This type of sampling is applicable when elements in the population have a known chance of being chosen as subjects. Probability sampling can be restricted or unrestricted probability sampling. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Research Week" essay for you Create order Unrestricted or Simple Random Sampling: In this sampling, every element in the population has a known and equal chance of being selected as subject. Consider a jar full of 100 marbles, out of which we need a sample of 10 marbles. If we were to draw out 1 marble from this population, we know that this marble will have 1/100 chance of being drawn, the second marble will have 1/99 chance of being drawn and so on. Restricted Probability Sampling: Unlike simple random sampling, this type of sampling technique offers a more efficient way to select a sample. Below are the types of restricted probability sampling: Systematic sampling: This design involves drawing every nth element in the population beginning with a randomly chosen element between 1 and n. for example, if we want a sample of 40 houses from a total population of 300 houses in a particular city, then we could sample every fifth house starting from a random number from 1 to 5. Let us assume that the random number was 5, then houses labelled 5, 10, 15, and 20 would be chosen for the study until the 40 houses were selected. Stratified Random Sampling: As the name suggests, stratified random sampling involves stratification or segregation of population, followed by random selection of subjects from each stratum. The population is firstly divided into mutually exclusive groups that are relevant to the study and then sample is drawn from it. Examples of this type are stratifying customers on the basis of income levels, age groups and residence in certain localities. Cluster Sampling: These are the samples gathered in chunks or groups (hence clusters) from a population. In this sampling, the target population is first divided into clusters and then a random sample of cluster is drawn from it. From this chosen cluster either all the elements are chosen or a sample is chosen from amongst it. A type of cluster sampling is area sampling in which clusters comprise of geographical areas such as countries, cities or city blocks. For example if you want to study the lifestyle trend of residents living in Minnesota, you would chose a cluster sample from Minnesotan city population and then choose a sample from this cluster for your study. Double Sampling: This sampling is used when further information is required from the subset of a group from which some information has already been extracted. An example of this is questioning a group of customers about the choice of a particular cold drink they prefer when they have already responded to the question of whether they prefer cold drinks over water is double sampling. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING: This type of sampling requires no probabilities to be attached to samples being chosen for the study. Many statisticians use this technique as an inexpensive alternative to probability sampling. Below are the types of non-probability sampling techniques: Convenience Sampling: As the name suggests, convenience sampling involves collection of information from members of the population who are conveniently available for observation. An example of this is choosing a group of random customers in a shopping mall to conduct a study of their views on taste of a noodles brand. Purposive Sampling: In contrast to obtaining information from respondents who are readily available, sometimes respondents are chosen who can provide the needed information, either because they are the only ones who have that information or they fulfill some criteria set by researcher. This purposive sampling takes two forms, judgement sampling and quota sampling: Judgement sampling: This involves choosing the subjects who are in the best position to respond to researcher due to the information that they have. For example, if the researcher wants to find out what it takes for women managers to make it to the top of the hierarchy, he would approach those women who had been previously at secretarial positions but later progressed to top positions because they have gone through the experience and can respond effectively. Quota sampling: In this sampling, certain quota is assigned to the chosen group of subjects that may have been chosen randomly. For example to understand the work attitude of workers in an organization, a quota can be set. If there are 40% blue-collar workers and 60% white-collar workers and if a total of 20 workers are needed to respond to questions, a quota of 8 blue-collar and 12 white-collar workers can be set. After that the first conveniently available 8 blue-collar workers and 12 white-collar workers can be chosen for the study.